Shareware Super Platinum 8/Shareware Super Platinum 8.iso/mac/DATABASE/DPTEST.ZIP;1/README.2

Text File | 1993-02-09 | 136.8 KB | 3,799 lines

              Copyright WordPerfect Corporation 1993
                       All Rights Reserved.

README.2                                                       02/01/93

This file is in DOS text format and is approximately 77 pages long.
You should print this file using a mono-spaced font, such as
Courier 10cpi.

€  Introduction

          DataPerfect Test Drive introduces you to the
          DataPerfect database program.  This diskette contains
          the same powerful program as DataPerfect, but it limits
          the number of panels you can create to 4, and the number
          of records you can add to each panel to 99.  Adding
          password protection to a database you create with
          DataPerfect Test Drive prevents that database from being
          used with DataPerfect.

          By following the instructions in these README files,
          you can learn the basics of designing, defining, and
          using a database.  Because of the power and flexibility
          of DataPerfect, not all features or applications of the
          program can be covered in the README files.

          README.1 contains an overview of the DataPerfect
          program, as well as lessons to help you become familiar
          with using a database.  If you are not familiar with
          DataPerfect, you should complete these lessons before
          moving on to the lessons in README.2.

          README.2 contains lessons for defining a database.  The
          database you create is called CLIENT, and is identical
          to the CLIENT2 database included on the DataPerfect Test
          Drive diskette.

          If you need help while using the DataPerfect Test Drive,
          press Help (F3) for information.  Pressing Help (F3)
          twice will display an on-screen template of DataPerfect
          function keys.  Pressing Help (F3) three times will
          display a list of features and keystrokes.€  Creating a Database 1:  Deciding What You Want

          Proper design is a key ingredient in creating a usable
          database.  Time spent with a note pad and pen before
          actually turning on a computer will save effort and
          frustration in the long run.

          In this lesson, you look at the basic design
          considerations involved in creating a database that
          will fill a specific set of needs. The database you
          design will keep track of customer, inventory, invoice,
          and billing information for HALVA International.

  Concepts

          While reading through this lesson, you are introduced
          to the following concepts:

          -    The design of a database and the information it
               needs to contain depend on how it will be used.
          -    A report can be used to extract information from
               a database.  Report capability should be
               considered when designing a database.
          -    A field is the smallest unit of information in a
               database.

  Assess Your Needs

          The first step in designing a database is to ask the
          question, "What do I need to get out of the database?"
          It is helpful to list these items based on the
          following considerations:  (1) What kind of information
          do I need to be able to look up on-screen?  (2) What
          kind of reports do I need?

          Some database applications require information for on-
          screen reference only.  Most applications, however,
          require both on-screen reference and some method of
          extracting information from the database.

          A report is one way of extracting information from a
          database.  This information can include names and
          addresses formatted for labels, information sorted
          according to specified headings, merge files for use
          with WordPerfect, etc.  A report can be printed, sent
          to the screen, or stored on disk.

          HALVA International needs a database to keep track of
          mail order customers who purchase music boxes.  The
          database needs to generate invoices, mailing labels,
          billing reports, and lists of outstanding accounts.
          Because HALVA periodically sends catalogs and
          promotional material to specific groups of customers,
          the database must be able to sort customer records by
          name, state, ZIP Code, purchase dates, and so forth, and
          be able to generate form letters.  A list of HALVA's
          needs from a database would appear as follows:

               Customer Personal Information
               Customer Payments
               Customer Purchases
               Invoices
               Inventory
               Mailing Lists/Labels
               Billing Reports
               Print Invoices
               WordPerfect Secondary Merge Capabilities
               Form Letters

  Decide What Data Is Necessary

          Once you have determined what you want from a database,
          determining the types of data it will need to contain
          is quite easy.

          Based on the above list of needs, the HALVA database
          will need to contain the following groups of data:

               Customer Information
               Payments
               Invoices
               Inventory
               Items Purchased

  Break Down the Information

          The next step is to break down the necessary data into
          the smallest possible units.  For example, the customer
          information can be broken down into the following:

               First Name
               Middle Name
               Last Name
               Customer ID
               Address
               City
               State
               ZIP Code

          Each of these small units of information will be a
          field when you create the database.

          Now you can break down the other categories of
          information into the smallest units.  The data for
          HALVA International's database can be broken down into
          the following fields:

          Customer ID    Comments            Quantity Purchased
          First Name     Last Invoice Date   Price of Item
          Middle Name    Balance Due         Extended Price
          Last Name      Invoice Number      Product Name
          Address        Invoice Date        Cost of Product/Unit
          City, State    Subtotal Price      Payment Date
          Zip Code       Tax Amount          Payment Amount
          Home Phone     Total Price
          Work Phone     Item Purchased

  Review

          After reading this lesson, you should be able to answer
          the following questions:

          -    What is the first step in designing a database?
          -    How do you decide what kind of data to include in
               a database?
          -    What is a field?€  Creating a Database 2:  Grouping Data

          In this lesson you divide the list of fields from
          Lesson 1:  Deciding, what you want into related groups.
          Each group will become a panel in the HALVA's completed
          database.  This database will be called CLIENT.

  Concepts

          While reading through this lesson, you are introduced
          to the following concepts:

          -    Related fields are displayed in a panel.
          -    Normalization is the process of dividing related
               fields into groups.
          -    Panels containing one or more common fields can be
               linked.

  Group the Information

          After you have created a list of fields for a database,
          you need to divide those fields into related groups.
          For example, customer ID, first name, last name,
          address, city, state, ZIP Code, and phone number are
          all related to each other and should be grouped
          together.  Elements such as invoice numbers, invoice
          dates, items purchased, and purchase amounts are
          related to each other and should be grouped together.
          This process of dividing the data into groups is called
          normalization.  Properly normalized files are what give
          databases their tremendous flexibility.

          Each group of related fields will become a panel when
          you actually create the database.  You may want to name
          each list with the name you plan to give its panel.

               CUSTOMER INFORMATION

               Customer I.D.#
               First Name
               Middle Name
               Last Name
               Address
               City
               State
               Zip Code
               Home Phone
               Work Phone
               Notes/Comments
               Last Invoice Date
               Balance Due

          In this case, because all of the customer information
          is contained in one panel, customer records may be
          sorted by the customer ID, last name, state, etc.  This
          will let HALVA International sort or look up customer
          records in a variety of ways.  The same is true of the
          other panels in the database.

               INVOICE INFORMATION

               Customer I.D.#
               Customer Name
               Invoice Number
               Invoice Date
               Subtotal Price
               Tax Amount
               Total Price


               CUSTOMER PAYMENTS

               Customer I.D.#
               Customer Name
               Payment Date
               Payment Amount


               ITEMS PURCHASED BY CUSTOMER

               Invoice Number
               Item
               Item Price
               Quantity
               Extended Price


               INVENTORY

               Item
               Item Price

  Select Common Fields

          Now that you have listed the fields to be included in
          each panel, you need to decide how the panels will
          relate to each other.  Two panels which have one or
          more fields in common can be linked.  A link lets you
          move from a record in one panel to a related record in
          another panel.   Panel links (±) are stand alone and
          are generally used to connect records in a one-to-one
          or one-to-many relationship.  Data links (which are
          diamond shaped) are attached to fields and are generally
          used to connect records in a many-to-one relationship.
          Data links also allow data checking.

          Look at the lists of related fields for the CLIENT
          database.  Notice that some of the fields already
          belong to more than one group.  For example, the lists
          for the Customer Information panel and the Invoices
          panel both contain the Customer ID field.

               CUSTOMER INFORMATION

               *Customer I.D.#
               First Name
               Middle Name
               Last Name
               Address
               City
               State
               Zip Code
               Home Phone
               Work Phone
               Comments
               Last Invoice Date
               Balance Due

               INVOICE INFORMATION

               *Customer I.D.#
               Customer Name
               Invoice Number
               Invoice Date
               Subtotal Price
               Tax Amount
               Total Price

          When these panels are linked together, the common field
          (Customer ID) lets DataPerfect know which invoices are
          for which customer.

          If the lists for two panels you want to link do not
          have any fields in common, you need to add a field to
          one or both lists.  You cannot link two panels which do
          not have at least one field in common.

          The common fields between the other panels are shown
          below.

               CUSTOMER INFORMATION

               *Customer I.D.#
               First Name
               Middle Name
               Last Name
               Address
               City
               State
               Zip Code
               Home Phone
               Work Phone
               Comments
               Last Invoice Date
               Balance Due

               CUSTOMER PAYMENTS

               *Customer I.D.#
               Customer Name
               Payment Date
               Payment Amount


               INVOICE INFORMATION

               *Customer I.D.#
               Customer Name
               **Invoice Number
               Invoice Date
               Subtotal Price
               Tax Amount
               Total Price


               ITEMS PURCHASED BY CUSTOMER

               **Invoice Number
               ***Item
               ***Item Price
               Quantity
               Extended Price


               INVENTORY

               ***Item
               ***Item Price

  Review

          After reading this lesson, you should be able to answer
          the following questions:

          -    What is normalization and why is it important?
          -    What is required to link two panels?€  Creating a Database 3:  Designing Panels

          After you have assessed your database needs and grouped
          the related information, you need to design panels to
          organize the data on-screen.  A panel is a box-shaped
          template which is used to display a DataPerfect record.

          In this lesson you sketch a panel for each data group
          you assembled in Lesson 2 under Creating a Database.
          You first organize and label the fields for the panel,
          then add symbols for panel links and data links between
          the panels.  Finally, you add a window to the Invoices
          panel to show records from the Items Purchased panel.

  Concepts

          While reading through this lesson, you are introduced
          to the following concepts:

          -    A panel can contain headings, labels, or other
               text.
          -    A panel link appears as a rectangle (±).
          -    A data link appears as a diamond.
          -    A source panel is the panel from which you access
               another panel through a link.
          -    A destination panel is the panel accessed through
               a link.
          -    A panel link lets you define a window in a source
               panel.  A window displays information from related
               records in the destination panel.

  Design Panels

          Begin your first panel design by sketching the outline
          of the panel.

          The fields for the first panel come from the Customer
          Information list you compiled in Lesson 2 for Creating
          a Database.  A panel can contain text to label both the
          panel and its fields.  When you sketch a panel, use
          rectangles to represent individual fields, and include
          the same labels you want in the actual on-screen panel.

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≥                   Customer Information                         ≥
≥                                                                ≥
≥Customer ID €€€€€                                               ≥
≥Last Name €€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€ First €€€€€€€€€ Middle€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€≥
≥                                                                ≥
≥Address                        City            ST ZIP           ≥
≥€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€ €€€€€€€€€€€€€€€ €€ €€€€€€€€€€    ≥
≥€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€ HM Phone €€€€€€€ WK Phone €€€€€€€≥
≥                                                                ≥
≥Comments                                                        ≥
≥€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€      Last Inv. Date €€€€€€€€€€≥
≥€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€                               ≥
≥€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€      Balance Due €€€€€€€€€€€€€≥
≥                                                                ≥
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          You can include horizontal lines as part of a panel's
          design to divide it into related sections.  Later in
          this lesson you will add two panel links to the
          Customer Information panel.  These can be separated
          from the main body of the panel by a line.

          The other panels will appear as they are shown below.


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≥                         Invoices                        ≥
≥                                                         ≥
≥Customer ID €€€€€                                        ≥
≥Name€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€ ≥
≥Invoice Number €€€€€ Date €€€€€€€€                       ≥
≥                          €€€€€€                         ≥
≥Items Purchased                Price  QTY  Ext. Price    ≥
≥                                                         ≥
≥                                                         ≥
≥                                                         ≥
≥                                                         ≥
≥                                                         ≥
≥                              Subtotal  €€€€€€€€€€€€     ≥
≥                              Tax         €€€€€€€€€€     ≥
≥                              Total   €€€€€€€€€€€€€€     ≥
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≥                 Items Purchased                      ≥
≥                                                      ≥
≥ Invoice Number €€€€€                                 ≥
≥                                                      ≥
≥ Item                           Price QTY   Ext. Price≥
≥ €€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€ €€€€€€€€€€ €€€ €€€€€€€€€€€€≥
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  Add Panel Links

          After you have sketched the basic design for each
          panel, you should add link symbols at the appropriate
          places and add notes to show the panel relationships.

          The first links to be added are from the Customer
          Information panel to the Invoices panel and the Payments
          panel.  Because the Customer Information panel is the
          panel from which the other two are accessed, it is called
          the source panel.  The other two panels are destination
          panels.  In Lesson 2:  Grouping Data, the Customer ID
          field was marked with an asterisk (*) as being common to
          the Customer Information panel, the Invoices panel, and
          the Payments panel.

               CUSTOMER INFORMATION

               *Customer I.D.#
               First Name
               Middle Name
               Last Name
               Address
               City
               State
               ZIP code
               Home Phone
               Work Phone
               Notes/Comments
               Last Invoice Date
               Balance Due

               INVOICE INFORMATION

               *Customer I.D.#
               Customer Name
               Invoice Number
               Invoice Date
               Subtotal Price
               Tax Amount
               Total Price


               CUSTOMER PAYMENTS

               *Customer I.D.#
               Customer Name
               Payment Date
               Payment Amount

          This common field lets you link the Customer
          Information panel to both the Invoices panel and the
          Payments panel.  Each payment or invoice is related to
          only one customer.  This type of relationship is
          accomplished by using a panel link (±).

          Panel links are not attached to fields.  They should be
          labeled to show the type of records to which they allow
          access.
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≥                   Customer Information                         ≥
≥                                                                ≥
≥Customer ID €€€€€                                               ≥
≥Last Name €€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€ First €€€€€€€€€ Middle€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€≥
≥                                                                ≥
≥Address                        City            ST ZIP           ≥
≥€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€ €€€€€€€€€€€€€€€ €€ €€€€€€€€€€    ≥
≥€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€ HM Phone €€€€€€€ WK Phone €€€€€€€≥
≥                                                                ≥
≥Comments                                                        ≥
≥€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€      Last Inv. Date €€€€€€€€€€≥
≥€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€                               ≥
≥€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€      Balance Due €€€€€€€€€€€€€≥
≥                                                                ≥
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≥                Payments €         Invoices €                   ≥
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          Now look at the lists for the Invoices panel and the
          Items Purchased panel.  Notice that the lists have the
          Invoice Number field in common.  Because an invoice may
          have many items purchased, the Invoices panel will be
          the source panel for the panel link.


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≥                         Invoices                        ≥
≥                                                         ≥
≥Customer ID €€€€€                                        ≥
≥Name €€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€≥
≥Invoice Number €€€€€ Date €€€€€€€€   Invoice Items €     ≥
≥                          €€€€€€                         ≥
≥Items Purchased                Price  QTY  Ext. Price    ≥
≥                                                         ≥
≥                                                         ≥
≥                                                         ≥
≥                                                         ≥
≥                                                         ≥
≥                              Subtotal  €€€€€€€€€€€€     ≥
≥                              Tax         €€€€€€€€€€     ≥
≥                              Total   €€€€€€€€€€€€€€     ≥
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  Add Data Links

          The other type of link used by DataPerfect is a data
          link.  Data links connect records in a many-to-one
          relationship and allow data checking to make sure that
          data entered in a field matches an existing record in
          another panel.  For more information on data checking,
          see DataPerfect Terms (Data Link) under What Is
          DataPerfect?.

          Although data links appear as diamonds in DataPerfect,
          they are represented as plus signs (+) in the panels
          below.

          Using the Invoices panel as the source panel, add
          a data link to the Customer Information panel.  The
          common field is the Customer ID number.


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≥                         Invoices                        ≥
≥Customer ID +€€€€€                                       ≥
≥Name€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€ ≥
≥Invoice Number €€€€€ Date €€€€€€€€   Invoice Items €     ≥
≥                          €€€€€€                         ≥
≥Items Purchased                Price  QTY  Ext. Price    ≥
≥                                                         ≥
≥                                                         ≥
≥                                                         ≥
≥                                                         ≥
≥                                                         ≥
≥                              Subtotal  €€€€€€€€€€€€     ≥
≥                              Tax         €€€€€€€€€€     ≥
≥                              Total   €€€€€€€€€€€€€€     ≥
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          Next, with the Items Purchased panel as the source
          panel, add connecting data links to the Invoices panel
          and the Items in Stock panel.  You can look at the
          lists you created in Lesson 2:  Grouping Data to
          determine the common fields.


⁄ƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒø
≥                 Items Purchased                      ≥
≥                                                      ≥
≥ Invoice Number +€€€€€                                ≥
≥                                                      ≥
≥ Item                           Price QTY   Ext. Price≥
≥ €€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€ €€€€€€€€€€ €€€ €€€€€€€€€€€€≥
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  Add a Window

          The Invoices panel presents a problem.  Each invoice
          needs to contain a listing of each item shipped, its
          price, quantity, and extended price.  This information
          doesn't appear in the panel as it is presently
          designed.


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≥                         Invoices                        ≥
≥                                                         ≥
≥Customer ID +€€€€€                                       ≥
≥Name €€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€≥
≥Invoice Number €€€€€ Date €€€€€€€€   Invoice Items €     ≥
≥                          €€€€€€                         ≥
≥Items Purchased                Price  QTY  Ext. Price    ≥
≥                                                         ≥
≥                                                         ≥
≥                                                         ≥
≥                                                         ≥
≥                                                         ≥
≥                              Subtotal  €€€€€€€€€€€€     ≥
≥                              Tax         €€€€€€€€€€     ≥
≥                              Total   €€€€€€€€€€€€€€     ≥
¿ƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒŸ

          The fields with the necessary information are found in
          the Items Purchased panel.


⁄ƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒø
≥                 Items Purchased                      ≥
≥                                                      ≥
≥ Invoice Number +€€€€€                                ≥
≥                                                      ≥
≥ Item                           Price QTY   Ext. Price≥
≥+€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€ €€€€€€€€€€ €€€ €€€€€€€€€€€€≥
¿ƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒŸ

          When you use a panel link you have the option of
          defining a window to display related record information
          from the linked panel.  A window lets you display
          fields from the destination panel as part of the source
          panel.

          The fields from the destination panels will be
          displayed in columns, so you can add column headings to
          label the information.


⁄ƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒø
≥                         Invoices                        ≥
≥                                                         ≥
≥Customer ID +€€€€€                                       ≥
≥Name €€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€≥
≥Invoice Number €€€€€ Date €€€€€€€€   Invoice Items €     ≥
≥                          €€€€€€                         ≥
≥Items Purchased               Price  QTY  Ext. Price     ≥
≥€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€     ≥
≥€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€     ≥
≥€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€     ≥
≥€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€     ≥
≥                                                         ≥
≥                              Subtotal  €€€€€€€€€€€€     ≥
≥                              Tax         €€€€€€€€€€     ≥
≥                              Total   €€€€€€€€€€€€€€     ≥
¿ƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒŸ

  Review

          After reading this lesson, you should be able to answer
          the following questions:

          -    What does a panel contain?
          -    What is the difference between a source panel and
               a destination panel?
          -    What is a related record?
          -    What is a window?€  Creating a Database 4:  Determining Necessary Indexes

          In this lesson you plan the indexes needed for the
          Customer Information panel of the CLIENT database.  As
          with other parts of the database, the index design is
          based on the needs of HALVA International.

          An index is a sorted list of fields used to locate and
          differentiate between records in a database.
          DataPerfect requires indexes to establish links and
          lookup lists, and to sort records for reports.  You
          must define at least one index for each panel of a
          database.

  Concepts

          While reading through this lesson, you are introduced
          to the following concepts:

          -    Indexes are necessary for lookup lists.
          -    Indexes are necessary for links.
          -    Indexes are necessary for reports.
          -    Each index needs to contain enough fields to make
               sure each record is unique.

  Plan Indexes for Lookup Lists

          When planning indexes, the first question you should
          ask yourself is, "How do I want the records sorted?"
          Sorting is required for both lookup lists and reports.

          Lookup lists are used to browse through or find
          records.  When you press Lookup (F8) or Up Arrow, the
          fields in the lookup list for the field the cursor is
          on are displayed in the lookup area.  You can then
          scroll through the records to find the one you desire.

          Because a lookup list does not control the order in
          which the records are sorted, you must define indexes
          to sort the fields of the lookup list in the order you
          want them to appear.

          Look at the sketch of the Customer Information panel
          from Lesson 3:  Designing Panels.

          A lookup list for the Last Name field which sorts
          records by last name would make it easy to find the
          record for a particular customer.  Such a lookup list
          requires an index that also sorts records by last name.

               LIST FOR INDEX 1 FOR CUSTOMER INFO. PANEL

               Last Name
               First Name
               Middle Name
               Customer I.D.#

          This index sorts records by last name.  In the event
          that two or more records have the same last name, they
          are further sorted by first name, then middle initial.
          If two or more records have identical last, first, and
          middle names, they are sorted further by Customer ID
          number.

          Because there may be times when it is necessary to look
          up a record by first name from the First Name field,
          the next index will sort by first name.

               LIST FOR INDEX 2 BY FIRST NAME

               First Name
               Last Name
               Middle Name
               Customer I.D.#

  Plan Indexes for Reports

          HALVA International will use the CLIENT database to
          generate mailing labels, letters, and so forth.  Because
          HALVA occasionally mails promotional materials to
          customers living in specific areas, the database needs
          to be able to sort customers by state and by ZIP Code.
          The following indexes make that possible:

               LIST FOR INDEX 3 BY STATE

               State
               City
               Last Name
               First Name
               Customer I.D.#


               LIST FOR INDEX 4 BY ZIP CODE

               Zip Code
               Customer I.D.#

  Plan Indexes for Links

          The next question to ask yourself when defining indexes
          is, "What types of indexes are required by the links I
          want to create?"

          During the linking process, DataPerfect asks you to
          select an index from the destination panel.  It then
          asks you to define a link field list from the source
          panel.  This link field list consists of the field(s)
          common to both of the linked panels.  The index and the
          link field list are different, but work together to
          form the link.

          When DataPerfect matches records, it compares the data
          in the first field of the link field list against the
          first field in the index.  If the data matches, it then
          compares the second field of the link field list
          against the second field in the index.  If the data
          matches, it continues through the rest of the fields in
          the link field list.

          All fields in the link field list must be in the index
          selected from the destination panel.  They must also be
          listed in the same order in both the link field list
          and the index.

          The Customer Information panel is the destination panel
          for two links:  one from the Invoices panel and one
          from the Payments panel.  Both of these links use
          Customer ID as the common field between the source and
          destination panels.  This means that the link field
          list for both links will consist of the Customer ID
          field.

          Because the link field list (the common fields) must be
          a subset of a Customer Information panel index, at
          least one index needs to include Customer ID as the
          first field.  Although the index can include additional
          fields, it does not need to in this case because each
          Customer ID number will be unique.

               LIST FOR INDEX 5

               Customer I.D.#

  Make Sure Each Index Is Unique

          The final question you should ask yourself when
          planning indexes is, "Does each index contain a field
          or combination of fields that will make each record
          unique?"

          To understand why this is important, consider the
          following:  If an index contained only a Last Name
          field, records for two people with the same last name
          would appear to be duplicates.

          To fix this type of problem, you could add other
          fields, such as First Name and Address.  An easy way to
          make an index unique is to include a field which will
          always be unique, such as an auto-incrementing field.
          All indexes in a panel are checked to make sure a
          record is unique when the record is saved.

          Look over each of the planned indexes.  All of the
          indexes planned for this panel contain the Customer ID
          field.  Because no two customers will ever have the
          same customer number, the Customer ID field will always
          be unique.

  Plan Indexes for the Other Panels

          Plan indexes for the other panels of the database by
          asking the questions, "How do I want the records
          sorted?"; "What types of indexes are required by the
          links I want to create?"; and "Does each index contain
          a field which makes each record unique?"

  Review

          After reading this lesson, you should be able to answer
          the following questions:

          -    Why are indexes necessary?
          -    What are the index requirements of a link?
          -    What makes an index unique?€  Creating a Database 5:  Defining a Panel

          In this lesson you follow the outline you made in
          Lessons 1-4 under Creating a Database to create the
          first panel for the CLIENT database.  The Customer
          Information panel will contain information about HALVA
          International mail order customers.  To create the
          panel, you first name the database, then name the
          panel, then label and define the fields in the panel.

          You must define at least one index before you can use a
          database.  Because you do not define indexes for the
          panel in this lesson, you should complete Lesson 6
          under Creating a Database (Defining Indexes) at the
          same time you complete this lesson.

  Concepts

          The following concepts are discussed in this lesson:

          -    The Create a New Database option (1) on the main
               menu lets you create a new database.

          -    Create (F9) lets you create a field while you are
               in Define Panel mode.

          -    A field format determines the size of a field and
               the type of data it can contain.

          -    When a field is created, it can be given a name.

          -    Text fields can contain up to 32,000 characters.

          -    Display mode indicators control the way a field
               displays data.  They are separated from the field
               format by a double colon (::).

          -    Block (Alt-F4), Save (F10), and Move (Ctrl-F4) let
               you copy existing information.

  Start the Lesson

          To start the lesson,

          1    Start DataPerfect Test Drive.

          If you need specific instructions for loading the
          DataPerfect Test Drive program on your machine or for
          starting or exiting the program, see Readme.1.

  Create a New Database

          When you enter the program a list of the databases in
          the current directory appears.

          If you are working in a directory which contains all of
          the files included with DataPerfect Test Drive, a
          database called CLIENT2 will also be listed.

          To define the new database,

          1    Select Create a New Database (1) from the menu.

          You are prompted for a name.

          2    Enter

                    CLIENT

               as the database name.

          Remember that DataPerfect converts filenames to
          uppercase, even if you type them in lowercase.

          When you name a database, DataPerfect creates three
          files.  Each filename begins with the name of the
          database and ends with .STR, .IND, or .TXX (such as,
          CLIENT.STR, CLIENT.IND, and CLIENT.TXX).

  Create a Panel

          Now that you have named the database, you are prompted
          for a panel filename.

          A panel filename should consist of the database name
          followed by a unique extension.  This will allow you to
          easily locate all of the files for a given database.
          The panel file will contain data from all fields in the
          panel except text fields.  (Text field data is stored
          in the file with the .TXX extension.)

          1    Enter

                    CLIENT.DAT

               as the filename.

          You are placed in a blank panel in Define Panel mode.
          The way you define this panel determines the
          information a record can contain, and the way it will
          be displayed.  The panel filename, CLIENT.DAT, is
          displayed in the top left portion of the panel.  The
          zero that appears next to the filename indicates that
          there are currently no records in the panel.

          The box above the blank panel shows keystrokes for
          panel definition.  This box is where help messages will
          appear when you press Help.

  Edit the Panel Name

          When users enter a database, a panel list appears.
          This list contains the name of each panel in the
          database, and allows users to display a panel by moving
          the cursor to its name and pressing Enter.  To see how
          the panel you are creating appears on the panel list,

          1    Press Exit (F7).

          A warning appears at the top of the screen, and your
          computer may beep.  You can ignore these.

          2    Press Exit again to display the panel list.

          Notice that the panel appears as CLIENT.DAT (the panel
          filename).  A database containing many panels with
          similar names could be confusing to users.

          3    Press Enter to return to the panel you are
               defining.

          To make it easier to identify the panel from the panel
          list, you can edit its name.  The panel filename is the
          name used to store the data at DOS and does not change
          when you edit the panel name which appears on the panel
          list.

          4    Press Define Panel (Alt-F8) to display the Panel
               Options menu.

          5    Select Edit Panel Name (6) from the menu.

          6    Enter

                    Customer Information

               as the new panel name.

          7    Press Exit (F7) to leave the Panel Options menu
               and return to the panel in Define Panel mode.

  Add a Heading

          When defining a panel, you can include a text heading
          to describe the panel contents.

          1    Type

                    Customer Information

               as the panel heading.

          This heading and subsequent field labels are termed
          panel text.  They are strictly for your use and are not
          created as fields.

          To center the heading,

          2    Press Home, Left Arrow to move the cursor to the
               left margin of the screen.

          Now you can center the heading by pressing the Space
          Bar.  Each time you press the Space Bar, the heading
          moves one character to the right.

          3    Use the Space Bar to move the heading to the
               center of the panel.

          4    Press Home, Right Arrow to move the cursor to the
               end of the line.

  Define the Customer ID Field

          Now you are ready to label and define the fields
          included in the panel.  Use the sketch of the Customer
          Information panel from Lesson 3: Designing Panels
          as a guide while you define the panel.

          1    Press Enter twice to insert a blank line below the
               heading and return the cursor to the left margin.

          The Customer ID Field is the first field on the sketch
          for the panel.

          2    Type

                    Customer ID

               as the field label, then press the Space Bar to
               add a space.

          Now you can define the actual field.

          3    Press Create (F9).

          You are prompted to enter a format for the field.

          A field format tells DataPerfect the size of the field
          and the type of data it will contain.

          4    Enter

                    G99999::IN

               to define the Customer ID field as a right-aligned
               numeric field with five digits.

          Remember that DataPerfect converts field formats to
          uppercase, even if you type them in lowercase.

          The nines in the field format tell DataPerfect that any
          number from zero to nine can be entered in those
          spaces.

          The "I" and "N" at the end of the format are called
          display mode indicators, and control the way the field
          displays data in the panel.  Display mode indicators
          are separated from the field format by a double colon
          (::).  These particular indicators make the field auto-
          incrementing (::I) and non-updatable (::N).  The value
          in this field will increase by one for each record
          created.  This will give each customer record a unique
          Customer ID number.

          You can also give a name to a field.  Naming a field
          can add flexibility to custom merge files, and you'll
          learn more about that feature in Lesson 11.  To
          simplify this lesson about panel definition, you'll
          skip adding the name.

          5    Press Enter to accept the field format.

          6    Press Cancel(F1) to skip naming the field.

          If you enter the field format incorrectly, move the
          cursor onto the field, press Edit (F6), then enter the
          correct format.

  Define the Last Name Field

          Now define a field for last names.

          1    Press Enter to move to the line below the Customer
               ID field.

          2    Type

                    Last Name

               as the field label, then press the Space Bar.

          3    Press Create (F9) to create the field and display
               the format prompt.

          4    Enter A20 as the field format to define the Last
               Name field as an alphanumeric field with a maximum
               length of twenty characters.

          5    Press Cancel(F1) to skip naming the field.

  Define the First and Middle Name Fields

          To define the First and Middle name fields,

          1    Press the Space Bar to add a space.

          2    Type

                    First

               as a field label, then press the Space Bar.

          3    Press Create (F9).

          4    Enter

                    A15

          5    Press Cancel(F1) to skip naming the field.

               as the field format to define the First Name field
               as alphanumeric with a maximum length of 15
               characters.

          6    Press the Space Bar.

          7    Type

                    Middle

               as a field label, then press the Space Bar.

          8    Press Create (F9), then enter

                    A15

               as the field format for the Middle Name field.

          9    Press Cancel(F1) to skip naming the field.

  Define Address Information Fields

          In this panel, the field labels for address information
          will appear above the actual address fields.

          1    Press Enter twice to add one blank line below the
               name fields.

          2    Type

                    Address

               as the Address field label.

          3    Press the Space Bar 24 times to leave room for the
               Address field.

          4    Type

                    City

               as the City field label, then press the Space Bar
               12 times.

          5    Type

                    ST

               as the State field label, then press the Space
               Bar.

          6    Type

                    ZIP

               as the ZIP Code field label.

          7    Press Enter to move to the next line.

          You will define a text field to contain the address
          information.  This will allow for more than one line of
          address.  Text fields are variable length fields which
          hold alphanumeric data and allow you to enter up to
          32,000 characters.  While the entire area of the field
          is not displayed on-screen, it can be scrolled onto the
          screen when necessary.

          8    Press Create (F9).

          9    Enter

                    A30A2

               as the field format to give the field a display
               size of two lines 30 characters long.

          10   Press Cancel(F1) to skip naming the field.

          Because you added the second A to specify a number of
          lines, the field is a variable-length text field the
          display size does not affect the maximum capacity of
          the text field.

          Now define the City field.

          11   Press the Space Bar once to position the cursor
               directly beneath the City label.

          12   Press Create (F9).

          13   Enter

                    A15

               as the field format to define the City field as
               alphanumeric with a maximum of 15 characters.

          14   Press Cancel(F1) to skip naming the field.

          15   Press the Space Bar to position the cursor below
               the State label.

          16   Press Create (F9).

          17   Enter

                    U2::E

               as the field format to define the State field as
               an uppercase field which is two characters in
               length.

          The display mode indicator ::E is designed for fields
          where every space available in the field is used in
          many records.  It automatically moves the cursor to the
          next field after the current one has been filled.

          18   Press Cancel(F1) to skip naming the field.

          19   Press the Space Bar once to move the cursor below
               the ZIP label.

          20   Press Create (F9).

          Because all ZIP Codes are numeric, you will define a
          numeric field.

          21   Enter

                    N99999-9999::E

               as the field format to define the ZIP Code field
               as a standard numeric field.

          22   Press Cancel(F1) to skip naming the field.

          If your screen looks different from the one in Lesson
          3: Designing Panels, you can use the Space Bar and
          Delete to move the labels and fields until they appear
          in the correct position.

  Define the Phone Field

          Next, you create the Phone field.

          1    Press Enter to move the cursor to the next line.

          The cursor appears at the second line of the Address
          field.

          2    Use the Space Bar to align the cursor below the
               left edge of the City field.

          3    Type

                    Phone

               as the field label, then press the Space Bar.

          Because telephone numbers are always numeric and have a
          standard series of digits, you will define the Phone
          field format as an auto-enter numeric field similar to
          the ZIP field.

          4    Press Create (F9), then enter

                    N(999) 999-9999::E

               as the field format.

          This format will display the telephone number in
          standard form, and will move the cursor to the next
          field when the number has been typed by a user.

          5    Press Cancel(F1) to skip naming the field.

  Copy a Field

          The sketch for the Customer Information panel contains
          fields for both home and work telephone numbers.  So
          far, you've only created one telephone field in the
          panel.  You can use Block, Save, and Move to copy that
          field and create a Work Phone field.

          1    Use the arrow keys to move the cursor to the "P"
               in Phone.

          2    Press Block (Alt-F4).

          "Block" appears at the top of your screen, indicating
          Block is on.  The area you are blocking will not appear
          in reverse video as it does when using Block in
          WordPerfect word processing software.

          3    Use Right Arrow to move the cursor to the
               immediate right of the Phone field.

          Now you need to save a copy of the blocked text and
          field.

          4    Press Save (F10) to store a copy of the blocked
               area in a temporary memory file.

          5    With the cursor positioned at the end of the Phone
               field, press the Space Bar once.

          6    Press Move (Ctrl-F4) to retrieve a copy of the
               blocked area.

          7    Use Left Arrow to move the cursor to the "P" in
               the first Phone field.

          8    Type

                    HM

               then press the Space Bar.

          9    Use Right Arrow to move the cursor to the "P" in
               the second Phone field.

          10   Type

                    WK

               then press the Space Bar.

  Define a Comments Field

          Now you create a field for comments.  This field can
          contain notes concerning customers' special requests,
          bad checks, late payment histories, or anything else
          that may be important.  It will be a text field like
          the Address field.

          1    Use Right Arrow to move to the end of the WK Phone
               field.

          2    Press Enter twice to add an extra line of space
               below the Address and Phone fields.

          3    Type

                    Comments

               as the field label.

          4    Press Enter to move the cursor to the line below
               the label.

          5    Press Create (F9), then enter

                    A45A5

               as the text field format definition.

          6    Press Cancel(F1) to skip naming the field.

  Add a Last Invoice Date Field

          Next, add a field to show the date of the customer's
          last invoice.

          1    Press the Space Bar two times, then type

                    Last Invoice Date

               as the field label.

          2    Press the Space Bar six times to align the field
               with the right edge of the panel.

          3    Press Create (F9), then enter

                    D99/99/99::C

               as the field format.

          4    Press Cancel(F1) to skip naming the field.

          The display mode indicator ::C makes the field a
          computed field.

  Define the Balance Due Field

          Now you can define the final field in the panel.  This
          field will display total invoice amounts minus total
          payments.

          1    Press Enter twice to move down two lines.

          The cursor appears at the left edge of the Comments
          field.

          2    Use the Space Bar to move the cursor through the
               Comments field and position it directly below the
               "L" in Last Invoice Date.

          3    Type

                    Balance Due

               as the field label.

          4    Press the Space Bar 5 times.

          5    Press Create (F9), then enter

                    G-$ZZ,ZZZ,ZZ9.99::N

               to format the field as a decimal- or right-aligned
               non-updatable field.

          The minus sign between the "G" and the dollar sign
          allows the field to accept negative values.

          A user cannot enter a negative number into a field
          which is not formatted to accept a negative value.

          Both the "9's" and "Z's" in the field represent places
          where only numbers may be entered.  The "Z's" suppress
          leading zeros and allow the negative and dollar signs
          to float (a floating symbol will always appear next to
          the first digit of the number, regardless of how many
          digits the number contains).

          6    Press Cancel(F1) to skip naming the field.

          To change the appearance of the panel on-screen, you
          can use the Space Bar and Delete to alter any spacing
          between labels and fields.

          Now that you have completed the panel, you are ready to
          define its indexes.  You should proceed with Lesson 6:
          Defining Indexes before exiting the program.

  Review

          Having completed this lesson, you should be able to
          answer the following questions:

          -    What is the first step in creating a new database?
          -    How do you create a field?
          -    What is a field format?
          -    What is a display mode indicator?
          -    When do you use a text field?
          -    How do you use Save and Move to copy an existing
               field?€  Creating a Database 6:  Defining Indexes

          Every panel you define must have at least one index.
          An index is a sorted list of fields used to locate and
          distinguish records in a database.  You can have
          several different indexes in your database so records
          can be cross-referenced in many different ways.

          In this lesson, you define the five indexes you listed
          in Lesson 4: Determining Necessary Indexes for the
          Customer Information panel.  These indexes will sort
          records by last name, first name, state, ZIP Code, or
          Customer ID number.

  Concepts

          The following concepts are discussed in this lesson:

          -    Define Index (Ctrl-F8) lets you create an index.
          -    Select (F4) lets you select a field to be included
               in an index.
          -    Indexes sort according to the order in which you
               select the index fields.

  Define a Last Name Index

          Having completed Lesson 5: Defining a Panel, you
          should now be in the Customer Information panel in
          Define Panel mode.  Do not proceed with this lesson if
          you have not completed Lesson 5.

          Look at the first index list from Lesson 4: Determining
          Necessary Indexes.  This index will sort records by last
          name.

               INDEX 1 FOR CUSTOMER INFO. PANEL

               Last Name
               First Name
               Middle Name
               Customer I.D.#

          To define an index, you go to the Define Index Key
          Field List screen, then select fields from the panel in
          the order you want them prioritized in the index.

          1    Press Define Index (Ctrl-F8) to go to the Define
               Index Key Field List screen.

          When selecting fields to define an index, you can press
          Tab to move to the next field or Shift-Tab to move to
          the previous field.

          The first field you need to select is the Last Name
          field.

          2    Press Tab to move the cursor to the Last Name
               field.

          3    Press Select (F4) to select this as the first
               field in this index.

          A "1" appears in the Last Name field, indicating that
          it is the first field in this index.

          If you make a mistake while selecting fields, you can
          press Backspace to delete your last selection, or you
          can select Delete Last Entry in List (2).

          Because many people have the same last name, the index
          needs to contain other fields so it can sort records
          with identical last names.  This index will contain the
          other fields from the list you made in Lesson 4 for
          Creating a Database (First Name, Middle Name, and
          Customer ID).  The Customer ID field is included
          because it is unique to each record and will
          distinguish between records having the same first,
          middle, and last names.

          4    Press Select (F4) while the cursor is resting on
               the First Name field to add that field to this
               index.

          5    Press Select (F4) while the cursor is resting on
               the Middle Name field to add that field to the
               index.

          6    Press Shift-Tab to move the cursor to the Customer
               ID field.

          7    Press Select (F4) to add the Customer ID field to
               the index.

          You've now selected all the fields necessary for this
          index.

          The numbers in the fields represent the sorting
          priority.  As you've defined it, this index first sorts
          by the Last Name field.  Records with identical Last
          Name fields are subsorted by the First Name field.
          Records with identical Last Name and First Name fields
          are subsorted by the Middle Name field.  Records with
          identical first, middle, and last names are subsorted
          by Customer ID number.

          8    Press Exit (F7) to save the index and return to
               the Define Index menu.

  Define the First Name Index

          Now you are ready to create the second index.  This
          index will sort the Customer Information records by
          first name.

               LIST FOR INDEX 2 BY FIRST NAME

               First Name
               Last Name
               Middle Name
               Customer I.D.#

          1    Select Create Index (1).

          2    Press Tab twice to move the cursor to the First
               Name field.

          3    Press Select (F4) to choose this as the first
               field in this index.

          4    Press Shift-Tab to move to the Last Name field.

          5    Press Select (F4) to add the Last Name field to
               the index.

          6    With the cursor resting on the Middle Name field,
               select it as the third field for this index.

          7    Select the Customer ID field as the last field in
               the index.

          8    Press Exit (F7) to save the index and return to
               the Define Index menu.

  Define the State Index

          The third index you planned in Lesson 4: Determining
          Necessary Indexes sorts records according to state.

               LIST FOR INDEX 3 BY STATE

               State
               City
               Last Name
               First Name
               Customer I.D.#

          1    Select Create Index (1) from the menu options.

          2    Use Tab to move to the State field.

          3    Press Select (F4) to select the State field.

          4    In the same manner, select the City, Last Name,
               First Name, and Customer ID fields.

          5    Press Exit (F7) to save the index and return to
               the Define Index menu.

  Define the ZIP Index

          The fourth index will sort records by ZIP Code.

               LIST FOR INDEX 4 BY ZIP CODE

               Zip Code
               Customer I.D.#

          1    Select Create Index (1).

          2    Use Tab to move to the ZIP field.

          3    Press Select (F4) to select the ZIP field.

          4    In the same manner, select the Customer ID field.

          5    Press Exit (F7) to save the index and return to
               the Define Index menu.

  Define the Customer ID Index

          The final index will contain only one field.

               LIST FOR INDEX 5

               Customer I.D.#

          1    Select Create Index (1).

          2    Select the Customer ID field only.

          3    Press Exit (F7) to save the index.

          You've now defined all of the indexes necessary for the
          Customer Information panel.

          4    Press Exit twice to leave the Define Index menu
               and exit Define Panel mode.

  Exit the Panel

          Now that you have defined the Customer Information
          panel and its indexes, you can return to the list of
          databases.

          1    Press Exit (F7) until you return to the database
               list.

          At this point, you can exit DataPerfect or start the
          next lesson.

  Review

          Having completed this lesson, you should be able to
          answer these questions:

          -    Why are indexes important?
          -    How do you select a field for inclusion in an
               index?
          -    How do indexes prioritized fields?€  Creating a Database 7:  Defining Lookup Lists

          You have created a panel, defined fields, and defined
          indexes.  In this lesson you create a lookup list for
          the First Name field.  Creating lookup lists is one of
          the final steps in creating a panel.

          A database user can perform a lookup by pressing Up
          Arrow or Lookup (F8) with the cursor on a particular
          field.  This will display several records in the lookup
          area of the screen.  The user can scroll through the
          records to locate a specific record quickly.

          A lookup list determines the fields that will be
          displayed, and the order in which these fields will
          appear from left to right in the lookup area of the
          screen.  Because a lookup list does not sort records,
          you must select an index to be used with each lookup
          list you define.

  Concepts

          The following concepts are discussed in this lesson:

          -    Up Arrow or Lookup (F8) display the lookup list
               for the field on which the cursor is resting.
          -    The Lookup Field List option lets you create a
               lookup list.
          -    Select (F4) lets you select a field for inclusion
               in a lookup list.
          -    A lookup list is sorted according to the index you
               select.

  Start the Lesson

          To start the lesson,

          1    Start DataPerfect.

          2    Move the cursor to the CLIENT database, then press
               Enter to display a list of panels in the database.

          Because this database currently contains only one
          panel, there is only one panel in the list.

          3    With the cursor on Customer Information, press
               Enter to display the Customer Information panel.

  Create a First Name Lookup List

          Each field in the panel has a default lookup list based
          on the indexes you defined in Lesson 6: Defining Indexes.
          If the field on which the cursor rests is listed first in
          any index, its default lookup list contains all the
          fields in that index.  If the field on which the cursor
          rests is not listed first in any index, its default
          lookup list contains the first field in the panel's first
          index and the field on which the cursor rests.

          If you want to change the default lookup list for a
          field in the panel, you can define one of your own.
          The default lookup list for the First Name field
          consists of First Name, Last Name, Middle Name, and
          Customer ID.  You can create a lookup list which will
          list the parts of the customers' names in correct
          order:  First Name, Middle Name, and Last Name.

          To create a lookup list for the First Name field,

          1    Use Tab to move the cursor to the First Name
               field.

          2    Press Define Field (Shift-F8) to go to the Field
               Options menu.

          3    Select Lookup Field List (1).

          Now you can select the fields you want to include in
          the lookup list.

          4    Use Tab to move the cursor to the First Name
               field.

          5    Press Select (F4) to choose this field as the
               first field to be displayed in this lookup list.

          6    With the cursor on the Middle Name field, press
               Select (F4) to include it as the second field to
               be displayed in this lookup list.

          7    Use Shift-Tab to move the cursor to the Last Name
               field, then press Select (F4) to include it as the
               third field to be displayed in this lookup list.

          8    Use Shift-Tab to move the cursor to the Customer
               ID field, then press Select (F4).

          Now that you have selected the fields you want to
          include in this list, you need to select an index to
          sort them.

          To choose an index to sort the records in this lookup
          list,

          9    Press Exit (F7) to move to the Index Selection
               screen.

          You can review the indexes you defined for this panel
          by using the Up and Down Arrow keys.  The indexes
          appear as they did when you defined them, with each
          field's index order represented by a number.

          10   Use the arrow keys to display the index which
               lists First Name as 1 (Index 2).

          11   Press Select (F4).

          The records displayed in the lookup list will be sorted
          by the specified index.

          The numbers at the bottom of the screen show the index
          and fields used by the lookup list.  The first number
          is the number of the index used.  The numbers after the
          hyphen show which fields have been selected, and the
          order in which they will appear.

          The field numbers in this message are based on the
          order in which the fields were created.

          12   Press Exit until you return to the database list.

          The Customer Information panel is now complete.
          Although the following lessons guide you through the
          creation of additional panels, you could use this panel
          by itself as a flat file database if the information it
          contains suited all of your needs.  From this panel you
          could define reports to create mailing labels, sort
          customers by state, and create merge files for use with
          WordPerfect word processing software.

  Review

          Having completed this lesson you should be able to
          answer these questions:

          -    What is a lookup list, and how does it differ from
               an index?
          -    How does a user view a lookup list?
          -    How do you select a field for inclusion in a
               lookup list?
          -    How are records sorted in lookup lists?€  Creating a Database 8:  Defining Additional Panels

          In this lesson you create two additional panels for the
          CLIENT database.  These panels are the Invoices panel
          and the Items Purchased panel that you sketched in
          Lesson 3: Designing Panels.  In later lessons you will
          link these panels to each other and to the Customer
          Information panel to track purchases made by individual
          customers.

  Concepts

          The following concepts are discussed in this lesson:

          -    Insert (Ins) lets you create a new panel in an
               existing database.
          -    The Edit Panel Name option on the Panel Options
               menu lets you change the panel name displayed in
               the panel list.
          -    Create (F9) lets you create a field while in
               Define Panel mode.
          -    Define Index (Ctrl-F8) lets you create an index.
          -    Select (F4) lets you select a field to be included
               in an index.

  Start the Lesson

          To start the lesson,

          1    Start DataPerfect.

          2    Move the cursor to the CLIENT database, then press
               Enter to display the panel list.

  Add the Invoices Panel

          To add the Invoices panel to the database,

          1    Press Insert (Ins) to begin creating a new panel
               for the database.

          2    Enter CLIENT.INV as the panel filename.

  Edit the Panel Name

          To make it easier for database users to identify the
          panel, you can change its name.  If you do not edit the
          panel name, DataPerfect uses the panel filename
          (CLIENT.INV).

          1    Press Define Panel (Alt-F8) to display the Panel
               Options menu.

          2    Select Edit Panel Name (6) from the menu.

          3    Type

                    Invoices

               as the new panel name.

          4    Press Enter.

          5    Press Exit (F7) to leave the Panel Options menu
               and return to the panel in Define Panel mode.

  Create a Customer ID Field

          Look at the sketch created for the Invoices panel in
          Lesson 3: Designing Panels.

          As in the Customer Information panel, the Customer ID
          field is the first field you will define.  Because you
          will link the two panels, it is important that you use
          the same field format for the Customer ID field as the
          one used in the Customer Information panel (G99999).

          1    Press Enter twice to return the cursor to the next
               line and add a blank line.

          You will use this line of space later to add a title to
          the panel.

          2    Type

                    Customer ID

               as the label for the field, then press the Space
               Bar to add a space.

          You can use Delete and Backspace to correct typing
          errors.

          3    Press Create (F9).

          4    Enter

                    G99999::N

               as the field format.

          If you enter the field format incorrectly, move the
          cursor onto the field, press Edit (F6), then enter the
          correct format.

          You can also give a name to a field.  Naming a field
          can add flexibility to defining reports, and you'll
          learn more about that feature in Lesson 11.  To
          simplify this lesson, you'll skip adding the name.

          5    Press Cancel(F1) to skip naming the field.

  Create Other Fields

          Now you can create additional fields.  These will
          include Name, Invoice Number, and Date.

          1    Press Enter to move the cursor to the next line.

          2    Type

                    Name

               as the field label, then press the Space Bar.

          3    Press Create (F9).

          The completed version of this database (CLIENT2)
          contains a formula for the name field which
          concatenates (combines) the first, middle, and last
          names from the Customer Information panel.  The
          combined lengths of the First, Middle, and Last Name
          fields is 50 characters.  Because there will be a space
          between each part of the name, this field needs to be
          52 characters long.

          4    Enter

                    A52::C

               as the field format.

          The display mode indicator ::C indicates that the data
          in the field is the result of a computation.  The value
          in the field will be computed every time the field is
          displayed.

          5    Press Cancel(F1) to skip naming the field.

          6    Press Enter to move the cursor to the next line.

          7    Type

                    Invoice Number

               as the field label, then press the Space Bar to
               add a space.

          8    Press Create (F9), then enter

                    G99999::I

               as the field format.

          9    Press Cancel(F1) to skip naming the field.

          10   Press the Space Bar to add a space before the next
               field.

          11   Type

                    Date

               as the field label, then press the Space Bar to
               add a space.

          12   Press Create (F9), then enter

                    D99/99/99::E

               as the field format.

          The field type indicator D represents a date field.
          You can format a date field to display the day, month,
          and year in several ways.

          13   Press Cancel(F1) to skip naming the field.

  Add a Hidden Field

          DataPerfect sorts dated records in chronological order.
          In the case of invoices, it is preferable to sort them
          in descending order so that the most recent invoice
          appears first.  To do this, you need to add one hidden
          field where a formula will later be placed to invert
          the date (the completed version of this database,
          CLIENT 2, contains a formula for this field).  You will
          also need to define an index that uses the hidden field
          to sort the dates.

          1    Press Enter to move the cursor to the next line.

          2    Use the Space Bar to position the cursor directly
               below the left edge of the Date field.

          3    Press Create (F9), then enter

                    G999999::H

               to format the field as a right-aligned hidden
               numeric field.

          4    Press Cancel(F1) to skip naming the field.

  Define the Final Fields

          The sketch for this panel includes a window to display
          information from the Items Purchased panel.  You won't
          define the window until you actually link the two
          panels, but you need to leave space for it.

          1    Press Enter seven times.

          Next, you create the Subtotal, Tax, and Total fields in
          the lower right corner of the panel.

          2    Press the Space Bar 31 times to move the cursor
               toward the right side of the screen.

          This will align the numbers with those displayed in the
          window you will create.

          3    Type

                    Subtotal

               as the field label, then press the Space Bar
               twice.

          4    Press Create (F9), then enter

                    G-$ZZZ,ZZ9.99::N

               as the field format.

          Both the "9's" and "Z's" in the Subtotal, Tax, and
          Total fields represent places where only numbers may be
          entered.  The "Z's" suppress leading zeros and allow
          the negative and dollar signs to float (a floating
          symbol will always appear next to the first digit of
          the number, regardless of how many digits the number
          contains).

          5    Press Cancel(F1) to skip naming the field.

          6    Press Enter to move the cursor to the next line.

          7    Use the Space Bar to move the cursor to a point
               directly beneath the "S" in the Subtotal field
               label.

          8    Type

                    Tax

               as the field label, then press the Space Bar nine
               times.

          9    Press Create (F9), then enter

                    G-$Z,ZZ9.99::N

               as the field format.

          10   Press Cancel(F1) to skip naming the field.

          11   Press Enter to move the cursor to the next line.

          12   Use the Space Bar to move the cursor to a point
               directly beneath the "T" in the Tax field label.

          13   Type

                    Total

               as the field label, then press the Space Bar three
               times.

          14   Press Create (F9), then enter

                    G-$Z,ZZZ,ZZ9.99::N

               as the field format.

          15   Press Cancel(F1) to skip naming the field.

          Make sure that the right edges of the Subtotal, Tax,
          and Total fields line up.  This is necessary to
          decimal-align (right-align) the amounts entered in
          those fields.

  Define the Indexes

          Now that you've defined the panel's fields, you'll
          create two indexes.  The first index will list the
          Customer ID field first, the hidden field second, and
          the Invoice Number field third.  This index will
          display the most recent invoice for each Customer ID
          number first, after you add the formula for the hidden
          field.

          1    Press Define Index (Ctrl-F8).

          As you know, you can use Tab and Shift-Tab to move from
          field to field while defining an index.

          2    Press Select (F4) to include the Customer ID field
               as the first field in this index.

          3    Use Tab to move the cursor to the hidden field,
               then press Select (F4) to include it as the second
               field in the index.

          4    Use Tab to move the cursor to the Invoice Number
               field, then press Select (F4) to include it as the
               final field in the index.

          5    Press Exit (F7) to save the index.

          Now you can create the second index.

          6    Select Create Index (1), then use the steps above
               as a guide to define an index listing the Invoice
               Number first and the Customer ID second.

          7    Press Exit until you return to the Define Panel
               screen.

  Size and Center the Panel

          DataPerfect lets you change the display size and
          location of a panel.  This is especially convenient
          when you have more than one panel on the screen as you
          will in future lessons.

          Make sure Number Lock is off, then,

          1    Hold down Shift-Left Arrow until you move the
               right edge of the panel as far left as it can go.

          If you have an enhanced keyboard, you must use the
          arrow keys on the number pad.  If Shift-arrow does not
          work on your keyboard, try Alt-number (1, 2, 3, and 4).

          If you are unable to eliminate all of the blanks
          between the last field and the border, you may have
          extra spaces or hard returns that you need to delete.
          You can use Delete and Backspace to remove them.

          2    Select Move Panel (F2) to relocate the panel.

          F2 acts as a toggle between moving and sizing the
          panel.

          3    Press Shift-Right Arrow until you center the panel
               on the screen.

  Add a Heading

          Now that you have made the panel the correct size, add
          a centered heading to the top of the panel.

          1    Press Home, Home, Up Arrow to move the cursor to
               the top left corner of the panel.

          2    Type

                    Invoices

               as the panel heading.

          3    Press Home, Left Arrow to move the cursor back to
               the beginning of the line.

          4    Use the Space Bar to center the heading.

          5    Press Exit (F7) to save the information in the
               panel and return to the panel list.

  Create an Items Purchased Panel

          Now create another panel which will contain records of
          the items on an invoice.  In a future lesson you will
          link this panel to the Invoices panel.

          1    Press Insert (Ins) to begin creating another panel
               for the CLIENT database.

          2    Enter

                    CLIENT.PUR

               as the filename of the new panel.

  Edit the Panel Name

          As with the Invoices panel, you will want to edit the
          panel name.

          1    Press Define Panel (Alt-F8) to display the Panel
               Options menu.

          2    Select Edit Panel Name (6).

          3    Enter

                    Items Purchased

               as the new name for the panel.

          4    Press Exit (F7) to return to the panel.

  Create the Fields

          Look at the sketch created for the Items Purchased
          panel in Lesson 3: Designing Panels.

          Now create the fields in the Items Purchased panel.

          1    Press Enter two times to insert a blank line.

          You will use this space later to add a title to the
          panel.

          2    Press the Space Bar once to add a space between
               the left edge of the panel and the field label.

          3    Type

                    Invoice Number

               as the field label, then press the Space Bar to
               add a space before the field.

          Because this field will be used to create a link to the
          Invoices panel, it must have the same format as the
          Invoice Number field in that panel.

          4    Press Create (F9), then enter

                    G99999::N

               as the field format.

          5    Press Cancel(F1) to skip naming the field.

          6    Press Enter two times to insert a blank line of
               space.

          7    Press the Space Bar once to add a space between
               the left edge of the panel and the field label.

          8    Type

                    Item

               as a field label, then press the Space Bar 27
               times to allow room for the field.

          9    Type

                    Price

               as the next field label, then press the Space Bar
               once.

          10   Type

                    QTY

               as the next field label, then press the Space Bar
               three times.

          11   Type

                    Ext. Price

               as the last field label, then press Enter to move
               the cursor to the next line.

          The Ext. (extended) Price field will contain the price
          multiplied by the quantity.

          12   Press the Space Bar once to add a space between
               the left edge of the panel and the field.

          13   Press Create (F9), then enter

                    A25

               as the field format for the item purchased.

          14   Press Cancel(F1) to skip naming the field.

          15   Press the Space Bar to add a space between the
               fields.

          16   Press Create (F9), then enter

                    G-$Z,ZZ9.99

               as the field format for the item price.

          17   Press Cancel(F1) to skip naming the field.

          18   Press the Space Bar to add a space between the
               fields.

          19   Press Create (F9), then enter

                    GZZ9

               as the field format for the quantity field.

          20   Press Cancel(F1) to skip naming the field.

          21   Press the Space Bar to add a space between the
               fields.

          22   Press Create (F9), then enter

                    G-$ZZZ,ZZ9.99::N

               as the field format.

          23   Press Cancel(F1) to skip naming the field.

  Define the Indexes

          You are now ready to define the two indexes needed in
          this panel.  Following the steps you used to create the
          indexes for the Invoices panel earlier in this lesson,

          1    Create an index for the Items Purchased panel which
               lists the Invoice Number field first and the Item
               field second.

          2    Create an index which contains the same fields
               with the order reversed.

          When you are finished,

          3    Press Exit (F7) twice to save the index and return
               to the panel in Define Panel mode.

  Size the Panel

          Once the fields are defined, you can size and relocate
          the panel.

          1    Use Shift-Left Arrow to move the right edge of the
               panel as far left as it will go.

          2    Use Shift-Up Arrow to move the bottom of the panel
               as far up as it will go.

          3    Select Move Panel (F2).

          4    Use Shift-Right Arrow to center the panel left-to-
               right.

          5    Use Shift-Down Arrow to center the panel top-to-
               bottom.

  Add a Heading

          Now that the panel is the correct size, add a heading
          to the top of the panel.

          1    Press Home, Home, Up Arrow to move the cursor to
               the top left corner of the panel.

          2    Type

                    Items Purchased

               as the panel heading.

          3    Press Home, Left Arrow to return the cursor to the
               beginning of the line.

          4    Use the Space Bar to center the heading.

  Exit the Database

          After you have defined the Invoices and Items Purchased
          panels,

          1    Press Exit (F7) until you exit the CLIENT
               database.

  Review

          Having completed this lesson, you should be able to
          answer the following questions:

          -    What is the first step in creating a new panel?
          -    How do you edit a panel name?
          -    How do you select a field for inclusion in an
               index?
          -    How do you change the size of a panel?
          -    How do you move a panel you have created to a
               different position on the screen?€  Creating a Database 9:  Defining Panel Links

          In this lesson you create panel links which let users
          move from one panel to another.  Panel links are
          commonly used to establish a one-to-many relationship.

          First, you will link the Customer Information panel to
          the Invoices panel.  This lets users reference Invoice
          information for a particular customer from the Customer
          Information panel.

          Next, you will link the Invoices panel to the Items
          Purchased panel.  This link lets users reference
          purchasing information for a particular invoice.

  Concepts

          The following concepts are discussed in this lesson:

          -    A panel link lets users move between panels.

          -    A source panel contains a link symbol, and is the
               panel from which you access another panel through
               a link.

          -    A destination panel is the panel containing
               related records which is accessed through a link.

          -    A target field is the field in the destination
               panel on which the cursor lands when a user moves
               through a link.

          -    A link field list contains the field or fields
               brought through the link from the source panel.
               It is used in connection with a destination panel
               index to relate common information.

          -    A window lets users view information contained in
               a destination panel without having to move to that
               panel.

  Start the Lesson

          To start the lesson,

          1    Start DataPerfect.

          2    With the cursor on the CLIENT database, press
               Enter to display a list of panels in the database.

  Reorganize the Customer Information Panel

          The first link you will create for the CLIENT database
          is a panel link from the Customer Information panel to
          the Invoices panel.

          1    Move the cursor to the Customer Information panel,
               then press Enter to display the panel.

          The sketch for the Customer Information panel from
          Lesson 3: Designing Panels shows the link to the
          Invoices panel separated from the rest of the panel
          by a horizontal line.

          Before you define the panel link, you need to
          reorganize the Customer Information panel to create
          room for it.  You will then add the line which
          separates it from the rest of the panel.  These steps
          are not part of the actual link process.

          2    Press Define Panel (Alt-F8) to display the Define
               Panel menu.

          3    Use Tab to move the cursor to the Comments field.

          4    Press Edit (F6) to change the field format.

          The field format appears in the box above the panel.

          5    Press End to move to the end of the format, then
               press Backspace to delete the 5.

          6    Type 3 to change the display to three lines, then
               press Enter.

          Changing the display area of a text field does not
          change the information contained in the field.  It only
          changes the amount of information that can be displayed
          on-screen at one time.

          7    Press Home, Home, Down Arrow to move the cursor to
               the immediate right of the Balance Due field.

          8    Press Enter to move the cursor to the line just
               below the last display line of the Comments field.

          You can draw a horizontal line across a panel by
          including a semicolon as part of the panel definition.
          The line will appear when you exit the panel.

          9    Type a semicolon (;), then press Enter to move to
               the next line.

  Create the Link Character

          Now you're ready to begin defining the link.  There are
          five basic steps you need to follow when you create a
          panel link:

               1    Create a link character.
               2    Select a destination panel.
               3    Select a target field.
               4    Select an index from the destination panel.
               5    Create a link field list from the source
                    panel.

          Start by labeling and creating the link character.

          1    Press the Space Bar 35 times so the label for the
               link will appear at the center of the panel.

          2    Type

               Invoices

               as the link label, then press the Space Bar to add
               a space.

          3    Press Down Panel (F5).

          A one-character, reverse-video box appears.  This is
          the panel link character.

          Creating the panel link character does not create the
          panel link; it is only one of the necessary steps in
          the link process.  You can add the panel link character
          when you create a panel, or at any other time before
          you actually define the link.

  Select the Destination Panel

          The next step is to select the destination panel.  This
          is the panel to which you want to move when you use the
          link.

          1    Press Left Arrow to position the cursor on the
               link symbol (±).

          2    Press Down Panel (F5) to begin defining the link.

          The panel list appears.  You can select the destination
          panel by moving the cursor to that panel and pressing
          Enter.  For this link, the Invoices panel is the
          destination panel.

          3    Move the cursor to the Invoices panel, then press
               Enter.

          The Invoices panel (the destination panel) appears.

  Select the Target Field

          Once you are in the destination panel, you must select
          a target field.  The target field is the field on which
          the cursor will land when a user moves through the
          link.  It should be the first field in which users will
          want to enter data, and is generally the first field
          that is not common to both panels.

          In this panel, the Invoice Number field is the first
          field which is not common to both panels.  However,
          because it is an auto-incrementing field, its data is
          entered automatically.  For that reason, you will
          select the Date field as the target field.

          1    Use Tab to move the cursor to the Date field.

          2    Press Select (F4) to choose the Date field as the
               target field.

  Select an Index

          DataPerfect uses two field lists to match related
          records in linked panels:  (1) one of the indexes you
          defined for the destination panel, and (2) a link field
          list you will create from the source panel.

          The index you select from the destination panel must
          list the field(s) common to both panels first.  In this
          example, the Customer ID field is common to both panels
          and will be used to establish the link.

          1    Press Select (F4) to select the index that lists
               the Customer ID field first
               (Index 1).

          You are returned to the Customer Information panel (the
          source panel).

  Define a Link Field List

          The last step in creating a panel link is to define a
          link field list from the source panel.

          A link field list must contain the source panel field
          or fields that are common to the two panels.  This
          field list is used (with the destination panel index
          you selected) to match records in the two linked
          panels.

          The fields in a link field list must be organized as an
          ordered subset of the destination panel index you
          selected.  You must include the first field of the
          index.  If there are other common fields you must list
          them in the same order as in the index.  This concept
          may sound difficult, but it really isn't.

          The index you selected for the destination panel
          consists of (1) Customer ID, (2) the hidden field, and
          (3) Invoice Number.

          The index and its three possible ordered subsets are
          shown below:

               Index (destination panel)
               Customer ID    hidden    Invoice Number

               Link Field List (source panel)
               Customer ID

               or

               Customer ID    hidden

               or

               Customer ID    hidden    Invoice Number

          Because there is not a matching hidden field or an
          Invoice Number field in the source panel (the Customer
          Information panel), the Customer ID field is the only
          field common to both panels.  Your link field list
          should consist of only the Customer ID field.

          1    Press Select (F4) to choose the Customer ID field
               for the link field list.

          2    Press Exit (F7) to save the field list.

          The message at the top of the screen is the panel link
          definition.  "Link to Panel:2" indicates that the
          destination panel (Invoices) is the second panel on the
          panel list.  "Field4" indicates that the target field
          (Date) is the fourth field in the destination panel.
          "Index1" indicates that the index is the first index
          for the destination panel, and "Field List to Build
          Key:1" indicates that the link field list contains the
          first field (Customer ID) in the source panel.

          If the message on your screen differs from the one
          above, select Edit Target Field/Target Index/Field List
          (1), then redefine the link to make the necessary
          corrections.

          3    Press Exit to return to the panel.

          The panel link is complete.

          4    Press Exit to exit Define Panel mode.

          Notice that the panel link is separated from the rest
          of the panel by the line you created using a semicolon.

          5    Press Exit again to return to the panel list.

  Define the Second Panel Link

          Next, define a panel link from the Invoices panel to
          the Items Purchased panel.  This link allows users to
          reference purchasing information for a particular
          invoice.  The field common to both panels is Invoice
          Number.

          1    Move the cursor to the Invoices panel, then press
               Enter to display the panel.

          2    Press Define Panel (Alt-F8).

          3    Use Tab to move to the Date field, then press End
               to move to the immediate right of the Date field.

          4    Press the Space Bar twice, then type Invoice
               Items.

          P    Press the Space Bar again to add a space, then
               press Down Panel (F5) to insert the panel link
               character.

          Now you can define the panel link.  The first step is
          to select the destination panel and target field.

          6    Press Left Arrow to move the cursor to the panel
               link character.

          7    Press Down Panel (F5) to begin defining the link.

          The panel list appears.

          8    Move the cursor to the Items Purchased panel, then
               press Enter to select it as the destination panel.

          The Items Purchased panel (the destination panel)
          appears.  Because the Item field is the first field in
          which a user will need to enter data,

          9    Use Tab to move to the Item field.

          10   Press Select (F4) to select the item as the target
               field.

          Now that you've selected the target field, you need to
          select one of the destination panel's indexes to be
          used for the link.

          Because Invoice Number is the field that will be common
          to both panels, you need to select the index which
          lists it first (Index 1).

          11   Press Select (F4) again to select Index 1 as the
               index for this link.

          You are returned to the source panel.  The final step
          is to define a link field list.  The Invoice Number
          field is the only field common to both panels, so it
          will be the only field in the link field list.

          12   Use Tab to move the cursor to the Invoice Number
               field, then press Select (F4) to choose it as the
               first (and only) field in the link field list.

          13   Press Exit (F7) to save the panel link definition.

          The cursor returns to the Define Panel Link menu and
          the following message appears:

          Link to Panel:3 Field2 Index1 Field List to Build Key:3

          If the message on your screen does not match the one
          above, select Edit Target Field/Target Index/Field List
          (1), then make the necessary corrections.

          14   Press Exit again to leave the menu and return to
               the panel in Define Panel mode.

  Create a Window

          In Lesson 3: Designing Panels, you included a
          window as part of the design for the Invoices panel.

          A window lets you display fields from the destination
          panel as part of the source panel.  The window you will
          create will display fields from the Items Purchased
          panel.

          With the cursor resting on the panel link character,

          1    Press Down Panel (F5) or Define Field (Shift-F8)
               to display the Define Panel Link menu.

          2    Select Define Window for Related Records (2).

          The Invoices panel is displayed, and a small shaded
          area appears next to the new link.  This area
          represents the window you are creating.

          3    Press Down Arrow three times to move the window
               (shaded area) downward.

          Remember, if you have an enhanced keyboard, you must
          use the arrow keys on the number pad.  If Shift-arrow
          does not work on your keyboard, try Alt-number (1, 2,
          3, and 4).

          4    Press Left Arrow until you move the window box to
               the left edge of the panel.

          5    Press Shift-Right Arrow until the window spans the
               full width of the panel.

          6    Press Shift-Down Arrow to lengthen the window
               until it includes the line above "Subtotal."

          7    Press Exit (F7) to save the window and move to the
               destination panel.

          Now you need to select the fields from the destination
          panel in the order you want them to appear in the
          window.

          8    Use Tab to move the cursor to the Item field, then
               press Select (F4).

          DataPerfect marks the Item field with a "1" to show
          that it's the first field that will appear in the
          window.

          9    Using the same procedure, select the Price field,
               then the QTY field, and then the Ext. Price field.

          10   Press Exit two times to save the window field list
               and return to the panel in Define Panel Mode.

  Label the Window

          The data in the window will appear in columns.  You can
          create labels above the window to identify the data
          displayed.  In this panel, you'll use the same labels
          you used in the Items Purchased panel.

          1    Press Down Arrow twice to move down two lines.

          To bold the labels,

          2    Press Attributes (Shift-F6), then select Bold
               On/Off (1).

          3    Type

               Items Purchased

               as a label, then press the Space Bar 16 times.

          The spaces will position the next label over the
          correct information.

          4    Type

               Price

               as a label, then press the Space Bar twice.

          5    Type

               QTY

               as a label, then press the Space Bar twice.

          6    Type

               Ext. Price

               as the last label.

          7    Press Attributes, then select Bold On/Off (1) to
               turn off Bold.

          You have now finished creating the second panel link
          and its optional window.

          8    Press Exit (F7) until you return to the database
               list.

  Review

          Having completed this lesson, you should be able to
          answer the following questions:

          -    What is the purpose of a panel link?
          -    What are the basic steps in creating a panel link?
          -    What is the difference between a source panel and
               a destination panel?
          -    What is a link field list, and why is it
               necessary?
          -    What is a window?
          -    How do you define a window?€  Creating a Database 10:  Defining Data Links

          As you know, the two types of links used by DataPerfect
          (panel links and data links) allow movement between a
          source panel and a destination panel.  In Lesson 9
          under Creating a Database you created panel links.  In
          this lesson you will create data links.

          The first data link you create will link the Invoices
          panel to the Customer Information panel.  This link can
          be used to reference existing customer information for
          a particular invoice (many invoices for one customer).
          Data checking will match invoices to their respective
          customer and protect against typographical errors.

          The second data link you create will link the Items
          Purchased panel to the Invoices panel (many items
          purchased for one invoice).  Data checking will match
          Items Purchased panel records to Invoices panel
          records.

  Concepts

          The following concepts are discussed in this lesson:

          -    A data link lets users move between panels in a
               many-to-one relationship.
          -    Down Panel (F5) lets you select the destination
               panel for a link, then takes you to that panel to
               select a target field and a destination panel
               index.
          -    Select (F4) lets you select a field for inclusion
               in a link field list.
          -    The No-Create option on the Define Data Link for
               Field menu is one type of data checking.

  Start the Lesson

          To start the lesson,

          1    Start DataPerfect.

          2    Move the cursor to the CLIENT database, then press
               Enter to display the panel list.

  Create the Data Link

          The first data link you will create is a link from the
          Invoices panel to the Customer Information panel.

          1    Move the cursor to the Invoices panel, then press
               Enter to display the panel.

          Unlike a panel link, a data link is attached to a
          specific field.  Because this first link will use the
          Customer ID field to match records, it will be attached
          to that field.

          2    Press Define Panel (Alt-F8) to enter Define Panel
               mode.

          3    Use Tab to move the cursor to the Customer ID
               field.

  Select the Destination Panel

          With the cursor on the correct field, you can begin to
          define the data link.  You do not add a link character
          to the panel before defining the link as you did when
          you created a panel link in Lesson 9: Defining Panel
          Links.  The link will appear after you finish defining
          it.

          1    Press Down Panel (F5) to display the panel list
               and begin defining the link.

          For this link, the Customer Information panel is the
          destination panel.

          2    Move the cursor to the Customer Information panel,
               then press Enter to select it as the destination
               panel.

  Select the Target Field

          Once you are in the destination panel, you must select
          a target field.  The target field is the field on which
          the cursor will rest when a user moves through the
          link.  The target field for this link will be the Last
          Name field.

          1    Use Tab to move the cursor to the Last Name field,
               then press Select (F4) to choose it as the target
               field.

  Select an Index

          As with a panel link, DataPerfect uses two field lists
          to match related records for a data link:  (1) an index
          from the destination panel, and (2) a link field list
          you create from the source panel.

          Because Customer ID is the field common to both panels,
          the index you select from the destination panel must
          list it first.

          1    Use Up Arrow or Down Arrow to move to the index
               that lists the Customer ID field first (Index 5).

          2    Press Select (F4).

  Define a Link Field List

          The last step in creating a data link is defining a
          link field list from the source panel.  This link field
          list functions in the same way as the one you defined
          for the panel link you created in Lesson 9: Defining
          Panel Links.  It must be an ordered subset of the
          destination panel index you selected, and must contain
          the source panel field or fields that are common to the
          two panels.  In this case, the common field is the
          Customer ID field.

          1    With the cursor on the Customer ID field, press
               Select (F4) to select it for the link field list.

          2    Press Exit (F7) to exit the panel.

  Select a Data Checking Option

          When a user creates an Invoices record for a customer,
          it needs to contain the correct Customer ID number to
          match its related Customer Information record.

          You can use the No-Create option on the Define Data
          Link for Field menu to ensure that a related record
          exists for the value entered in a linked field.  This
          option prevents users from saving a record if the data
          in the linked field (the Customer ID field in this
          case) does not match the data in a destination panel
          record.  It also lets users retrieve information into
          the field by pressing Lookup and selecting the desired
          record from the list of destination panel records.

          1    Select No-Create (4) from the data link menu.

          You've now created the first data link.

          The message at the top of the box shows the link
          definition.  It shows that Panel 1 is the destination
          panel, Field 2 of Panel 1 is the target field, Index 5
          of Panel 1 is the index used by the link, and Field 1
          of the source panel is the only field in the link field
          list.

          The message at the bottom of the box shows that users
          are not allowed to create a related record if one is
          not found.

          If the message on your screen differs from the one
          above, Select Edit Target Field/Target Index/Field List
          (1), then redefine the link to make the necessary
          corrections.

          2    Press Exit two times to exit the menu and return
               to the panel.

          The data link appears as a diamond at the immediate
          left of the Customer ID field.

          3    Press Exit to return to the panel list.

  Create a Second Data Link

          The second data link you'll create is a link from the
          Items Purchased panel to the Invoices panel.

          This link will let users move from an Items Purchased
          record to its related record in the Invoices panel.  It
          will also provide data checking to ensure that a
          related Invoices record exists for each value entered
          in the Invoice Number field of the Items Purchased
          panel.

          1    Move the cursor to the Items Purchased panel, then
               press Enter to display the panel.

          2    Press Define Panel (Alt-F8).

          This link will be attached to the Invoice Number field.

          3    Use Tab to move the cursor to the Invoice Number
               field.

          4    Press Down Panel (F5).

          Select the destination panel and target field to be
          used by the link.

          5    Move the cursor to the Invoices panel, then press
               Enter to select it as the destination panel.

          6    Use Tab to move the cursor to the Invoice Number
               field, then press Select (F4) to select it as the
               target field.

          Now you need to select the destination panel index to
          be used by the link.

          7    Select the index which lists Invoice Number first
               (Index 2).

          Now create a link field list.

          8    Select the Invoice Number field as the first and
               only field in the link field list.

          9    Press Exit (F7) to return to the Define Data Link
               for Field menu.

          When a user creates an Items Purchased record for an
          invoice, it needs to contain the correct Invoice Number
          to match its related Invoices record.  As with the last
          data link you created, you'll use data checking to
          insure that a related record exists for the value
          entered in the linked field (the Invoice Number field).

          10   Select No-Create (4) as the data checking option.

          You have created the second data link.

          11   Press Exit two times to exit the menu and return
               to the panel.

          The data link appears at the immediate left of the
          Invoice Number field.

          12   Press Exit to return to the database list.

  Review

          Having completed this lesson, you should be able to
          answer the following questions:

          -    How does a data link differ from a panel link?
          -    Which kind of link is usually used for a many-to-
               one relationship?
          -    What does the No-Create option on the Define Data
               Link for Field menu do?
          -    How is a data link shown on-screen?€  Creating a Database 11:  Defining a Report for a Custom
                            Merge File

          A report is a way of extracting information from a
          database.  DataPerfect Test Drive comes with a Built-In
          Short Reports feature; you can also create custom
          reports.

          In word processing, merging refers to the process of
          combining information from at least two sources to
          produce an entirely new document.  WordPerfect uses two
          types of files to perform a merge:  (1) a primary merge
          file containing text and (2) a secondary merge file
          containing records to be merged into the primary file.

          In this lesson you will define a report to create a
          WordPerfect secondary merge file.  This report will be
          used to create a form letter.

          You can create form letters in DataPerfect by including
          the text of the letter in the main body of the report
          form.  You can also create form letters in WordPerfect
          and then merge them with DataPerfect records.  This lets
          you take advantage of the WordPerfect program spell
          checking, formatting, and printing capabilities.

          You do not need to have the WordPerfect program installed
          on your machine to define or run the report.  However,
          you will need WordPerfect to perform the merge and create
          the form letter.


  Concepts

          The following concepts are discussed in this lesson:

          Merge R (^R) is displayed as an up down arrow in
          DataPerfect and is used to designate the end of a field
          in a WordPerfect secondary merge file.
          Merge E (^E) is displayed as a club in DataPerfect and
          is used to designate the end of a record in a
          WordPerfect secondary merge file.
          The print mode indicator ;;E truncates trailing zeros
          from a numeric field.
          The print mode indicator ;;T truncates trailing spaces
          from a field.


  Start the Lesson

          The database you will use in this lesson is called
          CLIENT1.  It is a completed version of the database you
          used in the lessons on creating a database. Because you
          will be making changes to the database, it is important
          that you use a copy of the database files on the Test
          Drive diskette and not the actual files themselves.
          This will allow you or others to complete this lesson
          again in the future.


  To start the lesson,

          1    Start DataPerfect.

          2    Select Change Directory (2), then enter the name of
               the personal directory to which you copied the
               CLIENT1 database.

          3    With the cursor on the CLIENT1 database, press Enter
               to display the panel list.

  Define the Report

          A secondary merge file contains fields and records
          separated by merge codes.

          Each field ends with a ^R merge code, and is separated
          from the other fields by a hard return.  Each merge field
          may contain one or more DataPerfect fields.

          Each record ends with a ^E merge code.  WordPerfect
          creates a new form letter for each record in the
          secondary file.

          WordPerfect 5.1 uses the merge code {END FIELD} to
          designate the end of a field and the merge code {END
          RECORD} to designate the end of a record.  Because
          WordPerfect 5.1 also recognizes those codes, you do not
          need to convert the merge codes of a secondary merge file
          created in DataPerfect to merge with a 5.1 document.

          The merge report you create will be used with this
          WordPerfect primary merge file to create a form letter.

          The secondary merge file needs to contain seven fields:
          (1) First Name, (2) Middle Name, (3) Last Name, (4)
          Address, (5) City, (6) State, and (7) ZIP.  All of this
          information appears in the Customer Information panel.

          Move the cursor to the Customer Information panel, then
          press Enter to display the panel.

          Press Report/Export (Shift-F7) to move to the report
          list.

          You can insert a new report from the report list by
          pressing Insert.  The new report will be based on the
          report the cursor is on when you press Insert.  To begin
          with a blank report form, the cursor must be positioned
          on the Built-In-Short Reports.

          With the cursor on Built-In Short Reports, press Insert
          (Ins) to create the new report.

          Select Edit Report Name (9), then enter WordPerfect Merge
          as the report name.

          Select Edit Report Form (8) to move to the report form.

  Define the Fields

          Press Report Options (Ctrl-F7).

          Press Create Secondary Merge Report (9).

          The first field in the merge file is the first name of
          the customer.

          Press Add Data Field (1).

          Use Tab to move the cursor to the First Name field, press
          Select (F4), then enter First Name as the name of the
          field.

          The next field to be included is the Middle Name field.

          Press Add Data Field (1).

          Use Tab to move the cursor to the Middle Name field,
          press Select (F4), then enter Middle Name as the name of
          the field.

          The next field is the Last Name field.

          Press Add Data Field (1).

          Use Shift-Tab to move the cursor to the Last Name field,
          press Select (F4), then enter Last Name as the name of
          the field.

          Now you are ready to select the address fields.

          Press Add Data Field (1).

          Use Tab to move the cursor to the Address field, press
          Select (F4), then enter Address as the name of the field.

          Press Add Data Field (1).

          Use Tab to move the cursor to the City field, press
          Select (F4), then enter City as the name of the field.

          Press Add Data Field (1).

          Use Tab to move the cursor to the State field, press
          Select (F4), then enter State as the name of the field.

          Press Add Data Field (1).

          Use Tab to move the cursor to the ZIP Code field, press
          Select (F4), then enter ZIP as the name of the field.

          Press Exit (F7) or (0) to return to the report form.

  Remove Extra Spaces and Zeros

          With the exception of variable-length text fields, all
          DataPerfect fields are a fixed length.  A fixed-length
          field is always the same number of spaces in length,
          regardless of the number of characters entered in it.

          If you were to create the secondary merge file now, large
          spaces would appear between the First Name, Middle Name,
          and Last Name fields.  Also, extra zeros would be
          displayed on some Zip Codes.  You can use print mode
          indicators to remove the unwanted blank spaces and zeros.

          Use Down Arrow to move to the Report Body section.

          Place the cursor in the First Name field, which is the
          first section of reverse-video blocks.

          Press Edit (F6) to display the field format.

          Press End to move the cursor to the end of the field
          format, then enter ;;T.

          Place the cursor in the Middle Name field, which is the
          second section of reverse-video blocks.

          Press Edit (F6), press End, then enter ;;T.

          Place the cursor in the Last Name field, which is the
          third section of reverse-video blocks.

          Press Edit (F6), press End, then enter ;;T.

          The Address field is a text field, which means that
          DataPerfect will print all of the information in the text
          field.  Text fields are self-truncating, so there is no
          need to add ;;T.

          Place the cursor in the City field, which is the fifth
          section of reverse-video blocks.

          Press Edit (F6), press End, then enter ;;T.

          Because the postal abbreviations for all states are two
          letters long, there is no need to truncate the State
          field.  Place the cursor in the ZIP field, which is the
          seventh section of reverse-video blocks.

          Adding ;;E to the ZIP field format deletes all zero
          subfields from the end of the field.  If the last four
          digits of the ZIP Code are zeros, DataPerfect prints only
          the first five digits of the ZIP Code.

          Press Edit (F6), press End, then enter ;;E.

          You've now formatted the report to include the seven
          merge fields for the secondary merge file.

          Press Exit (F7) to return to the Report menu.

  Direct the Report Output

          The first two options on the Report menu, Printer On/Off
          (1) and Disk File On/Off (2), let you specify the
          destination of the report.  Because you will use the
          information generated by the report as a WordPerfect
          secondary merge file, you need to send the report to
          disk.

          If Printer appears as the destination, select Printer
          On/Off (1) to toggle it off.

          Select Disk File On/Off (2) to display the File options.

          Select Create File (1), then enter
          drive:\directory\customer.mrg as the filename, where
          drive:\directory represents the path name of a personal
          drive or directory.

          If you do not specify a pathname when naming the file, it
          will be saved in the same directory as the database in
          which you are working.

          Now you need to save the information in WordPerfect
          format.  Selecting Disk File Mode WP/DOS (6) toggles
          between DOS Text format and WordPerfect format.

          If the format shown on your screen is DOS Text, select
          Disk File Mode (6) to toggle to WordPerfect.

  Run the Report

          Now you're ready to run the report.  To see the report
          on screen as well as send it to disk,

          Press Screen (Ctrl-F3), then select Report Display On/Off
          (7).

          Remember that you can use Scroll Lock if you want to see
          the report one screen at a time.
          Press Report/Export (Shift-F7) to run the report.

          The report scrolls on screen.

          When the report is finished,

          Press Exit (F7) until you exit the DataPerfect program.

          If you have WordPerfect installed on your machine, you
          can now perform the actual merge.

          Start WordPerfect and Perform the Merge

          Now you can start WordPerfect and perform the merge.

          Start WordPerfect.

          Press Merge/Sort (Ctrl-F9) and select Merge (1).

          Enter drive:\directory\halva.wkb as the name of the
          primary file, where drive:\directory represents the
          pathname of the directory containing the DataPerfect
          learning files.

          Enter drive:\directory\customer.mrg as the name of the
          secondary file, where drive:\directory represents the
          pathname of the directory to which you saved the report.

          WordPerfect begins merging the two files.  When the
          merge is completed the cursor is at the end of the
          merged letters.

          Press Home, Home, Up Arrow to move to the beginning of
          the merged letters.

          There should be several letters (one for each customer)
          in the merged document.

          Press Page Down (PgDn) to scroll through the letters
          created during the merge.

          Press Exit (F7), type n to not save the document, and
          then type y to exit WordPerfect.

  Review

          Having completed this lesson, you should be able to
          answer the following questions:

          What are merge codes, and why are they necessary?
          What is the purpose of the print mode indicator ;;T in a
          report?
          What is the purpose of the print mode indicator ;;E in a
          report?€  Creating a Database 12: Defining a Menu

          DataPerfect lets you create custom menus to simplify user
          tasks.  Users access a panel or report by choosing a menu
          option instead of entering and navigating DataPerfect
          manually.

  Concepts

          The following concepts are discussed in this lesson:

          Menus require careful planning to be effective.
          Menus are constructed by first designing the text screen,
          then by assigning actions to the menu items.
          Many Alt-key combinations are mapped to characters that
          make constructing a menu easier.
          A menu prompt field is where the user enters a number to
          make a selection; it can be placed anywhere on the menu.

  Start the Lesson

          The database you will use in this lesson is called
          CLIENT1.  It is a completed version of the CLIENT
          database used in the lessons on defining a database,
          except that it contains data.  Because you will be
          making changes to the database, it is important that you
          use a copy of the database files on the Test Drive
          diskette, and not the actual Learning files themselves.
          This will allow you or others to complete these lessons
          again in the future.

  To start the lesson,

          1    Start DataPerfect.

          2    Select Change Directory (2), then enter the name of
               the personal directory to which you copied the
               CLIENT1 database.

          Don't access any other databases before entering CLIENT1,
          or you may change the default Alt-letter keystrokes that
          are used later in this lesson.

          3    With the cursor on the CLIENT1 database, press Enter
               to display the panel list.

  Plan the Menu

          A menu can not only make a database easier to use, but
          it can also make the interface friendlier.  Before you
          create a menu, you should decide what items need to be
          accessible from the menu.

          The Client1 database has three main areas of use.  The
          panel used most often is the Customer Information panel,
          so there should be a menu item that accesses this panel
          directly.  The other panels are used less frequently, so
          one menu item could simply access the panel list itself.
          Users frequently use reports, so the last menu item
          should access the report list.

          You should also decide on the appearance of the menu.
          The simplest design for this menu would be to create a
          help box across the top of the screen, and a box in the
          middle of the screen that contains the options.

  Define the Menu Text Screen

          The menu text screen contains the information the user
          will see on the menu screen, and tells the user what
          number to enter in the prompt field to do specific tasks
          like running a report or entering a panel.

          From the panel list, press Define Menu (Alt-F8) to enter
          menu define mode.

          The Define Menu options are displayed.

          Press Create/Edit Menu Text (A).

          To delete the explanatory text on your screen,

          Press Down Arrow once, then press Ctrl-End, Delete,
          Ctrl-End.

          You'll create an instructions box at the top of the menu
          screen.  To make this easier, DataPerfect has several
          Alt-key combinations mapped to the characters used for
          drawing boxes.  Be sure to use the arrows on the numeric
          keypad (depending on the type of keyboard you are using,
          you may not be able to use the arrow keys on the
          dedicated cursor keypad.)  Num Lock should be off.

          To position the cursor, press Return twice, press Up
          Arrow twice, then press the Space Bar twice.

          To create the corner of the box, press Alt-Q once.

          To create the top line of the box, press Alt-I 73 times.

          To create the top right corner of the box, press Alt-E
          once.

          Now you'll create the sides of the box.

          Press Down Arrow once, press the Space Bar twice,
          then press Alt-U.

          Press the Space Bar 73 times (to move the cursor to the
          right side of the box), then press Alt-U.

          Press Down Arrow once, press the Space Bar twice,
          then press Alt-Z.

          To complete the bottom of the box, press Alt-I 73 times,
          then press Alt-C.

          Now that the box is complete, you need to type the text
          in it.

          Press Up Arrow once, press Ctrl-Left Arrow twice, press
          Right Arrow twice, then press Insert.

          You are now in Typeover (replace) mode.  You can toggle
          between Typeover and Normal modes by pressing Insert.
          This may be handy if you accidentally press Delete or
          Backspace.

          Type the number of the option you want from the
          menu, then press Enter.

          Now you will create the box that contains the menu
          options.

          Use the Arrow keys to position the cursor on the M of the
          word Menu in the large box on the screen.

          Make sure you are still in Typeover mode, then press Left
          Arrow 9 times, and then type CLIENT1 DATABASE MENU.

          Press Ctrl-Left Arrow 4 times, Down Arrow 5 times, and
          Right Arrow 9 times, then type Access Customer
          Information Panel (1).

          Press Ctrl-Left Arrow 5 times, Down Arrow twice, then
          type Access Panel List.

          In order to align the number of this option with the
          previous option, you need to move the cursor directly
          underneath the previous option.

          Press Up Arrow twice, Ctrl-Right Arrow twice, Down Arrow
          twice, then type (2).

          Press Ctrl-Left Arrow 4 times, Down Arrow twice, then
          type Access Report List.

          Press Up Arrow twice, Ctrl-Right Arrow once, Down
          Arrow twice, then type (3).

          Press Exit (F7) twice to return to the Define Menu
          Screen.

  Place the Prompt

          By default, the prompt field on the menu text screen
          appears after the last character of menu text.

          DataPerfect lets you move the prompt field (the field
          where the user types a menu item number) immediately
          after the initial creation.  However, if you want to
          move the prompt field without changing any of the menu
          text, you must choose this option.

          Press Move The Menu Prompt (B).

          Notice that the menu prompt is positioned after
          Selection.  If you wanted to move it, you would use arrow
          keys to change its position.

          Press Enter to save the location and return to the Define
          Menu Screen.

  Define the Menu

          The Define Menu screen is where you assign actions to
          the menu options you placed in the text screen.

          To assign the action to the first option,

          Press Go To Panel (1), then enter 1.

          Make sure the Customer Information Panel is highlighted,
          then press Enter twice.

          Note that the first assignment is P1 (the first panel
          in the panel list).

          Press Go To Panel List (4), then enter 2.

          Press Enter to skip choosing a password.

          or

          If you want to increase your database security by
          assigning a password, enter the password.

          Press Go To Report List (5), then enter 3.

          Press Enter to skip choosing a password.

          or

          If you want to increase your database security by
          assigning a password, enter the password.

          Press Exit (F7) twice to return to the menu and exit the
          database.

          With the cursor on CLIENT1, press Enter to access the
          database.

          Instead of accessing the panel list, you access the menu
          you created.

          Press Exit (F7) to exit the database.

  Review

          Having completed this lesson, you should be able to
          answer the following questions.

          What is the first step in creating a menu?
          How do you use the menu text screen?
          How do you place the prompt field?
          How do you assign actions to menu items?